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war on poverty

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1 war on poverty

war on poverty

oorlog tegen de armoede

English-Dutch dictionary > war on poverty
2 War on Poverty

ист

"Война с бедностью"

Правительственная программа, принятая администрацией президента Л. Джонсона [ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ)] в соответствии с положениями Закона об экономических возможностях 1964 [ Economic Opportunity Act of 1964]; являлась частью плана "Великое общество" [ Great Society]. Провозглашена президентом в обращении к нации [ State of the Union message] 8 января 1964. Джонсон сказал: "Многие американцы живут на задворках надежды, одни по причине бедности, другие из-за своего цвета кожи, и слишком многие из-за того и другого. Наша задача сделать все, чтобы их отчаяние отступило в результате решительной войны с бедностью в Америке" ["... many Americans live on the outskirts of hope, some because of their poverty and some because of their color, and too many because of both. Our task is to help replace their despair with unconditional war on poverty in America..."]. Предусматривалось расширение программ социальной помощи нуждающимся, число которых к 1964 достигало 35 млн. человек, главным образом через программы общинных действий [ Community Action Program]. Претворение программы в жизнь возлагалось на Управление по созданию экономических возможностей [Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)] во главе с С. Шрайвером [ Shriver, Robert Sargent, Jr.]. Продолжающаяся война во Вьетнаме, на ведение которой тратились колоссальные общественные средства, превратила, по словам Р. Никсона [ Nixon, Richard Milhous], войну с бедностью в войну с процветанием ["War on Prosperity"]. Тем не менее существенным достижением программы стало сокращение уровня безработицы до 5,3 процента.

см тж creative federalism, Head Start, Job Corps, Upward Bound, Volunteers in Service to America

English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > War on Poverty
3 war on poverty

эк., пол., амер. война с бедностью* (идеологическая концепция, ставшая популярной в США во второй половине 1960-х гг после принятия закона "Об экономических возможностях")

See:

welfare state

Англо-русский экономический словарь > war on poverty
4 war against poverty

Экономика: война с бедностью

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > war against poverty
5 war against poverty

борьба с бедностью

Politics english-russian dictionary > war against poverty
6 war against poverty

война с бедностью

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > war against poverty
7 War on Poverty

«Война с бедностью», ряд правительственных программ, ставящих своей целью оказание помощи нуждающимся американцам, принятых администрацией президента Линдона Джонсона [*Johnson, Lyndon] в 1964. В числе таких мер предполагалось переобучение ( обучение необходимым специальностям) и улучшение жилищных условий

США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > War on Poverty
8 war

- war against poverty

- cold war

- price war

- rate war

- trade war

- wage war

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > war
9 war

noun

1) Krieg, der

between the wars — zwischen den Weltkriegen

declare war — den Krieg erklären (on Dat.)

be at war — sich im Krieg befinden

make war — Krieg führen (on gegen)

go to war — in den Krieg ziehen ( against gegen)

2) (science) Kriegführung, die

3) (fig.): (conflict) Krieg, der

price war — Preiskrieg, der

war of nerves — Nervenkrieg, der

4) (fig.): (fight, campaign) Kampf, der (on, against gegen)

declare war on poverty — der Armut den Kampf ansagen

* * *
[wo:] 1. noun
((an) armed struggle, especially between nations: Their leader has declared war on Britain; The larger army will win the war; the horrors of war; ( also adjective) He is guilty of war crimes.) der Krieg, Kriegs-...
2. verb
(to fight: The two countries have been warring constantly for generations.) sich bekriegen

- academic.ru/81048/warlike">warlike
- warrior
- war correspondent
- war-cry
- war-dance
- warfare
- warhead
- warhorse
- warlord
- warmonger
- warpaint
- warship
- wartime
- war of nerves
* * *

war

[wɔ:ʳ, AM wɔ:r]

n

1. no pl (armed combat) Krieg m

the art of \war die Kriegskunst

to carry the \war into the enemy's camp den Krieg ins Lager der Feinde tragen; ( fig) zum Gegenangriff ansetzen

the horrors of \war die Schrecken pl des Krieges

at the outbreak of the \war bei Kriegsausbruch m

state of \war Kriegszustand m

in times of \war in Kriegszeiten

civil \war Bürgerkrieg m

to be at \war ( also fig) sich akk im Kriegszustand befinden a. fig

to declare \war on sb/sth jdm/etw den Krieg erklären; ( fig) jdm/etw den Kampf ansagen

to go to \war in den Krieg ziehen

to wage \war against [or on] sb/sth gegen jdn/etw Krieg führen; ( fig) jdn/etw bekämpfen

2. (armed conflict) Krieg m

a \war of attrition ein Zermürbungskrieg m

the American Civil W\war der Amerikanische Bürgerkrieg

the Cold W\war ( hist) der Kalte Krieg hist

the Great W\war, World W\war I der Erste Weltkrieg

holy \war heiliger Krieg

the Vietnam W\war der Vietnamkrieg

3. (conflict) Kampf m

class \war esp BRIT Klassenkampf m

a \war of nerves ( fig) ein Nervenkrieg m

price/trade \war Preis-/Handelskrieg m

4.

▶ all's fair in love and \war ( prov) in der Liebe und im Krieg ist alles erlaubt

▶ to have been in the \wars esp BRIT [ziemlich] ramponiert aussehen fam

* * *
[wɔː(r)]
1. n
Krieg m
the art of war — die Kriegskunst

this is war! (fig) — das bedeutet Krieg!

the war against poverty/disease — der Kampf gegen die Armut/Krankheit

war of nerves — Nervenkrieg m

war of words — Wortgefecht nt

to be at war — sich im Krieg(szustand) befinden

to declare war — den Krieg erklären (
on +dat ); (fig also) den Kampf ansagen ( on +dat )

to make or wage war — Krieg führen (on, against gegen)

he/this car has been in the wars a bit (inf) — er/dieses Auto sieht ziemlich ramponiert (inf) or mitgenommen aus

I hear you've been in the wars recently (inf) — ich höre, dass du zur Zeit ganz schön angeschlagen bist (inf)

2. vi
sich bekriegen; (fig) ringen (geh) (for um)
* * *

war [wɔː(r)]

A s

1. a) Krieg m

b) fig Kampf m ( against gegen):

war of aggression (independence, liberation, nerves, succession) Angriffs-(Unabhängigkeits-, Befreiungs-, Nerven-, Erbfolge)krieg;

be at war (with) Krieg führen (gegen, mit), fig im Streit liegen oder auf (dem) Kriegsfuß stehen (mit);

declare war den Krieg erklären, fig a. den Kampf ansagen ( beide:

on, against dat);

make war Krieg führen, kämpfen ( beide:

on, against gegen;

with mit);

go to war Krieg beginnen ( with mit);

go to the war(s) obs in den Krieg ziehen;

carry the war into the enemy’s camp fig zum Gegenangriff übergehen, den Spieß umdrehen;

he looks as if he has been in the wars er sieht ziemlich mitgenommen oder ramponiert aus; → attrition 2, dog Bes Redew, wage²

2. Kampf m, Streit m (beide auch fig):

the war between science and religion;

the war of the elements der Aufruhr oder der Kampf oder das Toben der Elemente

3. Kriegskunst f, -handwerk n

4. obs Schlacht f

B v/i Krieg führen ( with gegen, mit)

C adj Kriegs…:

war film; → establishment 10

* * *

noun

1) Krieg, der

between the wars — zwischen den Weltkriegen

declare war — den Krieg erklären (on Dat.)

be at war — sich im Krieg befinden

make war — Krieg führen (on gegen)

go to war — in den Krieg ziehen ( against gegen)

2) (science) Kriegführung, die

3) (fig.): (conflict) Krieg, der

price war — Preiskrieg, der

war of nerves — Nervenkrieg, der

4) (fig.): (fight, campaign) Kampf, der (on, against gegen)

declare war on poverty — der Armut den Kampf ansagen

* * *

n.

Krieg -e m.

English-german dictionary > war
10 war

1. n
война, боевые действия, военные действия; борьба

to abolish war — уничтожать войны; устранять возможность возникновения войны

to accelerate towards war — ускоренно двигаться к войне

to authorize war — санкционировать войну

to avoid war — избегать войны

to banish wars — искоренять войны

to be dead against war — быть категорически против войны

to be free from war — быть избавленным от войн

to be in the war — участвовать в войне

to be sucked into a war — быть втянутым в войну

to bear the brunt of war — выносить основную тяжесть войны

to bomb a country into the war — посредством бомбардировок спровоцировать вступление страны в войну

to bring a country into the war — втягивать страну в войну

to bring about a war — вызывать войну

to call for an early end to the war — призывать к скорейшему окончанию войны

to change the course of the war — изменять ход войны

to come to the verge of nuclear war — подходить к грани ядерной войны

to complete the war — завершать войну

to contribute to reducing the danger of war — содействовать уменьшению опасности войны

to declare war on / upon a country — объявлять войну какой-л. стране

to deescalate the war — ослаблять военную конфронтацию

to deter war — сдерживать развязывание войны

to direct a war — руководить военными действиями

to drag / to draw a country into a war — втягивать страну в войну

to eliminate the menace / threat of war — устранять угрозу войны

to end the war by diplomacy — прекращать войну с помощью дипломатии

to enter into the war — вступать в войну

to exclude war — исключать войну

to fan war — разжигать войну

to fight a war on behalf of the United Nations — вести войну от имени ООН

to fight other people's wars — воевать за других, участвовать в чужой войне

to flee the war — быть беженцем войны

to force a war on / upon smb — навязывать войну кому-л.

to go to war — вступать в войну, начинать войну, отправляться на войну, участвовать в войне

to head off a war — предотвращать войну

to impose a war on / upon smb — навязывать войну кому-л.

to incite a war — разжигать войну

to instigate a war — провоцировать военный конфликт / войну

to keep a country out of the war — удерживать страну от вступления в войну

to know the price of war — знать не понаслышке, что такое война

to legitimize the war — узаконивать войну

to levy a war on / upon smb — навязывать войну кому-л.

to make war — вести войну

to mark the end of the cold war — ознаменовать конец холодной войны

to menace war — угрожать / грозить войной

to open a war — начинать / развязывать войну

to opt out of war — предпочитать не ввязываться в войну

to plot a war — готовить войну

to preempt a war — наносить упреждающий удар

to proclaim war — объявлять войну

to promote the cause of war — способствовать делу войны

to prosecute a war — вести войну

to pursue war — продолжать войну

to push smb towards war — подталкивать / толкать кого-л. к войне

to put an end to the war — положить конец войне

to reject any arbitration / mediation in the war — отклонять любое посредничество в деле прекращения войны

to renew the war — возобновлять войну

to resolve a war — разрешать / урегулировать военный конфликт

to revise smb's attitude to war — пересматривать свое отношение к войне

to rise up a holy war against foreign invaders — подниматься на священную войну против иностранных захватчиков

to sanction the waging of war — санкционировать ведение войны

to scrap star wars — отказываться от "звездных войн"

to settle / to solve a war — разрешать / урегулировать военный конфликт

to slide to a civil war — сползать / скатываться к гражданской войне ( о стране)

to spread the flames of war over a country — распространять пламя войны на страну

to stave off the threat of war — отодвигать угрозу новой войны

to steer the country into a war — вовлекать страну в войну

to step up a war — усиливать войну

to stoke up a war — раздувать войну, подогревать военный конфликт

to sustain the war on several fronts — выдерживать войну на нескольких фронтах

to terminate the state of war — прекращать состояние войны

to thirst for war — жаждать войны

to translate a war of words into a real war — превращать словесную войну в настоящую

to unleash a war — начинать / развязывать войну

to wage war — вести войну, воевать

to widen the war — расширять военный конфликт

to win the war at the negotiating table — выигрывать войну за столом переговоров

to wind down the war — заканчивать войну

- limited nuclear war
- abolition of war
- accidental war
- Afghan war
- aftermath of the war
- aggressive war
- air war
- all-out war
- alternative to war
- annexionist war
- announcement of war
- art of war

- at the height of war
- at times of war
- atomic war
- atrocities of war
- bacteriological war
- bitter war
- bloody war
- border war
- breathing space in a war
- brunt of war
- brutal methods of war
- brutal war
- camps war
- causes of war

- central war
- cessation of the war
- civil war
- clandestine war
- class war
- Cod Wars
- cold war
- collapse of the cold war
- colonial war
- conduct of war
- contained war
- containment of the war
- controlled counterforce war
- conventional war
- cosmic war
- costly war
- counterinsurgency war
- country blighted by war
- country in the throes of a civil war
- country of war
- country's involvement in the war
- crack war
- crime war
- criminal war
- cruel war
- currency war
- danger of war
- de facto war
- declaration of war
- declared state of war
- defensive war
- desperate war
- destructive war
- deterring war
- devastating war
- devastation of the war
- dirty war
- divisive war
- dogs of war

- drawn-out war
- drug war
- dynastic wars
- economic war
- effects of war
- end of the war
- end to the war
- enduring war
- entry into war

- escalation in the war
- escalation of the war
- Europe has been through wars
- experience of war

- explicit war
- exterminatory war
- factional war
- feats of war
- fierce war
- final phase of the war
- First World War
- flare-up of the war
- fratricidal war
- from before the war
- full war
- full-fledged war
- full-scale war
- gang war
- general war
- global war
- gravity of the war
- Great Patriotic War
- Great War
- ground war
- guerrilla war
- Gulf War
- hidden war
- holy war
- horrors of war
- hot war
- hotbed of war

- ideological war

- implements of war

- in the eve of the war
- in the wake of the war
- in the war
- inadvertent war
- inconclusive war
- independence war
- initial indications of a war coming
- insurrectionary war
- intensified war
- intensive preparations for war
- interminable war
- internecine war
- jamming war
- just war
- land war
- large-scale war
- latent war
- level of war
- liberation war
- limited war
- local war
- lone war
- long war
- long-running war
- lost war
- major war
- massive war
- means of ending the war
- means of war
- menace of war
- missile and nuclear war
- missile war
- monetary and financial war
- murderous war
- national liberation war
- national war
- naval war
- newspaper war
- nightmares of war
- nonatomic war
- nonnuclear war
- nuclear war
- nuclear-missile war
- nuke war
- offensive war
- on the brink of war
- on the verge of war
- ongoing war
- open war
- outbreak of war
- outset of war
- part of the country ravaged by war
- people's liberation war
- people's war
- permanent war
- phony war
- pocket war
- poised for war
- policy of war

- positional war
- potential of war
- predatory war
- preparations for war
- prevention of war
- preventive war
- price war
- prisoner of war

- progressive war
- prolonged war
- propagander war
- prosecution of war
- prospect of war
- protracted war
- proxy war
- psychological war
- race war
- rejection of wars
- rekindling of the war
- relics of the cold war
- renunciation of wars
- restricted war
- revolutionary war
- ruinous war
- ruthless war
- sacred war
- savage war
- scars of war
- scourge of war
- Second World War
- secret war
- shooting war
- Six-day war
- sources of war
- spillover of the war
- star wars
- state of war

- strain of the war
- strategic war
- sustained war
- Tanker war
- tantamount to declaring war
- tariff war
- termination of war
- the country is effectively at war
- thermonuclear war
- thirst for war
- threat of war

- three-cornered war
- total war
- trade war
- tribal war
- undeclared war
- union recruitment war
- universal war
- unjust war
- unleashing of war
- unwinnable war
- vengeful war
- victim of war
- War between the States
- War in the Gulf
- War of American Independence
- war against illiteracy
- war against poverty
- war against the use of drugs
- war by proxy
- war drags on
- war escalated
- war has broken out
- war has devastated much of the country
- war has flared up again
- war is as good as over
- war is at a halt
- war is at an end
- war is effectively over
- war is entering a new phase
- war is going to carry on
- war is imminent
- war is looming
- war is petering out
- war is the last resort
- war is unacceptable
- war knew no bounds
- war of aggression
- war of attrition
- war of conquest
- war of diplomatic attrition
- war of extermination
- war of extinction
- war of genocide
- war of liberation
- war of nerves
- war of secession
- war of the cities
- war of words
- war on drugs
- war on terror
- war on two fronts
- war remains intense
- war spills over
- war to end all wars
- war to finish
- war to the end
- war to the knife
- war will leave no victors
- war without end
- war would be catastrophic
- wasting war
- white war
- wide war
- winnable war
- withdrawal from war
- World War I
- World War II
- world war
- world without wars 2. v
воевать

to war down smth — завоевывать / покорять что-л.

to war over smth — воевать по поводу / из-за чего-л.

Politics english-russian dictionary > war
11 war

war

A n

1 ( armed conflict) guerre f ; the horrors of war les horreurs de la guerre ; the day war broke out le jour où la guerre a éclaté ; in the war à la guerre ; between the wars ( world wars) entre les deux guerres ; a state of war now exists between our two countries nos deux pays sont désormais en état de guerre ; to win/lose a war gagner/perdre une guerre ; to go off to the war partir à la guerre ; to go to war against entrer en guerre contre [country] ; to wage war on faire la guerre contre [country] ; to be at war with a country être en guerre avec un pays ; a war over ou about une guerre pour [land, independence] ; une guerre sur [issue, problem] ;

2 fig ( fierce competition) guerre f ; price/trade war guerre des prix/commerciale ; a state of war now exists between the two departments/companies c'est la guerre entre les deux services/sociétés ; a war of words un conflit verbal ;

3 fig ( to eradicate sth) lutte f (against contre) ; the war against drug traffickers la lutte contre les narco-trafiquants ; to wage war on ou against mener une lutte contre [poverty, crime].

B modif [debts, correspondent, crime, criminal, effort, film, historian, medal, photographer, widow, wound] de guerre ; [cemetery, leader, grave, zone] militaire ; [hero] de la guerre ; war deaths victimes fpl de la guerre ; he has a good war record il a de bons états de service.

C vi ( p prés etc - rr-) to war with a country/one's neighbours être en guerre contre un pays/ses voisins (over à cause de).

Idiom

you look as if you've been in the wars on dirait qu'il t'est arrivé des malheurs.

Big English-French dictionary > war
12 war

war [wo:] n.,v. -n. luftë; go off to war nisem për në luftë; carry/take the war to the enemy's camp hidhem në sulm, kaloj në mësymje; it was war to the knife / to the death between them ishte një luftë për jetë a vdekje midis tyre.

● be at war jam në luftë/në gjendje lufte (me dikë); go to war hyn në luftë (vendi); you've been in the wars again të paskan sakatuar përsëri./-vi. luftoj; warring against poverty duke luftuar me varfërinë.

● war bond [wo: bond] n. obligacione të huasë së luftës

● war chest [wo: çest] n., amer. pol. fond i posaçëm (i një partie për kohën e zgjedhjeve)

● war cry [wo: krai] n. kushtrim

● war-disabled ['wo:dizeibëld] n. invalid lufte

● war fever [wo: 'fi:vë:(r)] n. psikozë e luftës

● war games [wo: geims] n 1. usht. manovra ushtarake. 2. lojëra me luftë

● war paint [wo: peint] n. gj.fol. 1. makiazh, ton (fytyre). 2. veshje ceremoniale

● warpath [wo:pæth/pa:th] n. shteg lufte.

● on the warpath a) në luftë; b) shumë i zemëruar; gati për t'u përleshur

● warplane [wo:plein] n. avion luftarak

● warfare ['wo:feë:] n. luftë; betejë: luflim; class warfare luftë klasash

● warhead ['wo:hed] n. usht. kokë, mbushje (rakete)

● warhorse ['wo:ho:s] n 1. kalë ushtrie, kalë beteje. 2. fig. veteran, ujk i vjetër

● warrior ['worië:(r)] n. luftëtar

● warship ['wo:ship] n. luftanije

● wartime ['wo:taim] n. kohë lufte

● warily ['vveërili] adv. me maturi, me kujdes

● wariness ['weërinis] n. maturi, kujdes

● warlike ['wo:laik] adj 1. luftëdashës; luftarak (popull). 2. luftënxitës (fjalim etj). 3. për luftë (përgatitje)

● warlock ['wo:lok] n. magjistar

● warlord ['wo:lo:d] n. shef ushtarak, kryekomandant

● warble I ['wo:bël] n. mjek. lungë; lëkurë e trashur (në kurriz të kalit)

● warble II ['wo:bël] n.,v. -n. cicërim /-v 1. cicërin. 2. këngëzoj; gugas

● warbler ['wo:blë:] n. zool. çafkëlore, kaçuban

● warbling ['wo:bling] n. cicërimë; gugatje

* * *

luftë

English-Albanian dictionary > war
13 Poverty

• Poverty, War on «Война с бедностью», ряд программ, направленных на оказание помощи бедным, предложенных президентом Линдоном Джонсоном [*Johnson, Lyndon] в 1964. Предусматривались переквалификация кадров и улучшение жилищных условий

США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Poverty
14 war

I 1. [wɔː(r)]
nome guerra f. (anche fig.)

in the war — in guerra

to go off to the war — partire in guerra

to go to war against — entrare in guerra contro

to wage war on — fare guerra a

to wage war on o against fig. dichiarare guerra a [poverty, crime]; to be at war with a country essere in guerra con una nazione; a war over o about una guerra per [land, independence]; price, trade war guerra dei prezzi, commerciale; a war of words — un conflitto verbale
2.
modificatore [correspondent, crime, dance, film, hero, widow, wound, cemetery] di guerra; [ leader] militare

war deaths — vittime di guerra

he has a good war record — ha un buon stato di servizio in guerra
II [wɔː(r)]
verbo intransitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - rr-)

to war with a country — essere in guerra contro una nazione ( over a causa di)

* * *
[wo:] 1. noun
((an) armed struggle, especially between nations: Their leader has declared war on Britain; The larger army will win the war; the horrors of war; ( also adjective) He is guilty of war crimes.) guerra; di guerra
2. verb
(to fight: The two countries have been warring constantly for generations.) (fare guerra)

- warlike
- warrior
- war correspondent
- war-cry
- war-dance
- warfare
- warhead
- warhorse
- warlord
- warmonger
- warpaint
- warship
- wartime
- war of nerves
* * *
I 1. [wɔː(r)]
nome guerra f. (anche fig.)

in the war — in guerra

to go off to the war — partire in guerra

to go to war against — entrare in guerra contro

to wage war on — fare guerra a

to wage war on o against fig. dichiarare guerra a [poverty, crime]; to be at war with a country essere in guerra con una nazione; a war over o about una guerra per [land, independence]; price, trade war guerra dei prezzi, commerciale; a war of words — un conflitto verbale
2.
modificatore [correspondent, crime, dance, film, hero, widow, wound, cemetery] di guerra; [ leader] militare

war deaths — vittime di guerra

he has a good war record — ha un buon stato di servizio in guerra
II [wɔː(r)]
verbo intransitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - rr-)

to war with a country — essere in guerra contro una nazione ( over a causa di)

English-Italian dictionary > war
15 poverty

[prisoner of war] kb. tawanan perang.

English-Malay dictionary > poverty
16 war had left its heritage of poverty

Общая лексика: нищета - тяжкое наследие войны

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > war had left its heritage of poverty
17 World War II

(1939-1945)

   In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.

   In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.

   To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.

   The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.

   Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.

   Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.

   Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.

   Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.

   The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.

   The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.

   Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.

   In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.

   Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II
18 борьба с бедностью

war against poverty

Русско-английский политический словарь > борьба с бедностью
19 бедность

ж.

1) ( недостаточность) poverty; ( скудость) poorness

бе́дность по́чвы — poorness of the soil

бе́дность воображе́ния — poverty of one's imagination

2) ( нужда) poverty, indigence, penury

жить в бе́дности — live in poverty

черта́ / поро́г бе́дности — poverty line

борьба́ с бе́дностью — war on poverty

••

бе́дность не поро́к — poverty is no crime / sin

Новый большой русско-английский словарь > бедность
20 война

ж.

war; ( ведение войны) warfare

гражда́нская война́ — civil war

партиза́нская война́ — partisan / guer(r)illa [gə-] warfare

Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́ — the Great Patriotic war

мирова́я война́ — world war

морска́я война́ — naval warfare, sea war

хими́ческая война́ — chemical / gas warfare

возду́шная война́, война́ в во́здухе — air warfare, war in the air

термоя́дерная война́ — thermonuclear war / warfare

начала́сь война́ — war broke out

объяви́ть войну́ (дт.) — declare war (on)

вести́ войну́ (с тв.) — wage war (on / against), fight a war (against)

находи́ться в состоя́нии войны́ (с тв.) — be at war (with)

сража́ться на войне́ — fight in the war

война́ с бе́дностью [нарко́тиками] — war on poverty [drugs]

••

холо́дная война́ — cold war

Новый большой русско-английский словарь > война

Страницы

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